ZFS 启动环境中的其他 FreeBSD 版本
发布时间：2021/10/19
作者：𝚟𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚊𝚍𝚎𝚗
FreeBSD 12.3-PRERELEASE 的首批快照终于 可用 了。这意味着我们能在一个新的 ZFS 启动环境中尝试它们，而无需打扰当前运行的 13.0-RELEASE 系统。我们无法像平常那样从当前 ZFS 启动环境创建新的启动环境并将其升级到新版本，因为 12.3 的主版本比 13.0 还要旧（译注：旧版 FreeBSD 不识别新版的 ZFS）。
在 FreeBSD 发布流程中，这有点悖论：当 12.3-RELEASE 发布时，它可能包含一些比今年早些时候发布的 13.0-RELEASE 更新的提交和功能。当然，并非所有提交到 HEAD 的内容都会自动进入 12-STABLE 或 13-STABLE，但大多数都会。只有最大的变更会被限制在 14.0-RELEASE，当然，这大概会在 2022 年中期其发布流程进行时出现。
关于 FreeBSD 上的 ZFS 文件系统，有一点需要注意。人们常常将“真正的” ZFS 启动环境与它的替代品混淆，比如 Btrfs 快照或 Ubuntu 使用 zsysctl(8) 命令管理的快照。不幸的是，它们只是快照，并非完整的可写克隆（或完整独立的 ZFS 数据集）。它们可以冻结系统状态，从而在更新软件包后能够恢复到工作配置，但你无法像创建另一个独立的 ZFS 启动环境那样，安装其他独立版本的系统作为新的 ZFS 数据集。
创建新的 ZFS 数据集
host # beadm list
BE Active Mountpoint Space Created
13.0.w520 NR / 12.8G 2021-09-14 17:27
13.0.w520.safe - - 1.2G 2021-10-18 10:01
host # zfs list -r zroot/ROOT
NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
zroot/ROOT 12.8G 96.8G 88K none
zroot/ROOT/13.0.w520 12.8G 96.8G 11.6G /
zroot/ROOT/13.0.w520.safe 8K 96.8G 11.1G /
host # zfs create -o mountpoint=/ -o canmount=off zroot/ROOT/12.3
host # beadm list
BE Active Mountpoint Space Created
13.0.w520 NR / 12.8G 2021-09-14 17:27
13.0.w520.safe - - 1.2G 2021-10-18 10:01
12.3 - - 96.0K 2021-10-18 13:14安装 FreeBSD 12.3-PRERELEASE
host # beadm mount 12.3 /var/tmp/12.3
Mounted successfully on '/var/tmp/12.3'
host # beadm list
BE Active Mountpoint Space Created
13.0.w520 NR / 12.8G 2021-09-14 17:27
13.0.w520.safe - - 1.2G 2021-10-18 10:01
12.3 - /var/tmp/12.3 96.0K 2021-10-18 13:14
host # curl -o - https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/amd64/12.3-PRERELEASE/base.txz \
| tar --unlink -xpf - -C /var/tmp/12.3
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 173M 100 173M 0 0 1889k 0 0:01:33 0:01:33 --:--:-- 2228k
host # exa -1 /var/tmp/12.3
bin
boot
dev
etc
lib
libexec
media
mnt
net
proc
rescue
root
sbin
tmp
usr
var
COPYRIGHT
sys
host # curl -o - https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/amd64/12.3-PRERELEASE/kernel.txz \
| tar --unlink -xpf - -C /var/tmp/12.3
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 43.3M 100 43.3M 0 0 1733k 0 0:00:25 0:00:25 --:--:-- 1663k
host # exa -lh /var/tmp/12.3/boot/kernel/kernel
Permissions Size User Date Modified Name
.r-xr-xr-x 37M root 2021-10-14 06:31 /var/tmp/12.3/boot/kernel/kernel
host # curl -o - https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/amd64/12.3-PRERELEASE/lib32.txz \
| tar --unlink -xpf - -C /var/tmp/12.3
host # exa -ld /var/tmp/12.3/usr/lib32
drwxr-xr-x - root 2021-10-18 13:45 /var/tmp/12.3/usr/lib32安装与主机相同的 Packages
使用 pkg prime-list，我们可以获取当前运行系统上手动安装的所有 pkg(8) 软件包。你也可以省略此步骤，或者只安装你需要的软件包，而不是全部安装。
host # pkg prime-list > /var/tmp/12.3/pkg.prime-list
host # chroot /var/tmp/12.3 /bin/sh
(BE) # export PS1="BE # "
BE # mount -t devfs devfs /dev
BE # sed -i '' s/quarterly/latest/g /etc/pkg/FreeBSD.conf
BE # pkg install -y $( cat pkg.prime-list )
Bootstrapping pkg from pkg+http://pkg.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD:12:amd64/latest, please wait...
Verifying signature with trusted certificate pkg.freebsd.org.2013102301... done
Installing pkg-1.17.2...
Extracting pkg-1.17.2: 100%
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
Fetching meta.conf: 100% 163 B 0.2kB/s 00:01
Fetching packagesite.pkg: 100% 6 MiB 1.3MB/s 00:05
Processing entries: 100%
FreeBSD repository update completed. 31294 packages processed.
All repositories are up to date.
Updating database digests format: 100%
pkg: No packages available to install matching 'chromium' have been found in the repositories
pkg: No packages available to install matching 'drm-fbsd13-kmod' have been found in the repositories
pkg: No packages available to install matching 'geany-gtk2' have been found in the repositories
pkg: No packages available to install matching 'ramspeed' have been found in the repositories
pkg: No packages available to install matching 'vim-console' have been found in the repositories如我们所见，在 FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE 系统中安装的一些软件包，目前在 FreeBSD 12.3-PRERELEASE 系统的 pkg(8) “latest” 分支中不可用。这种情况有时会发生，例如某些软件包构建失败——但你可以假设这些软件包在一周左右会重新可用，因为 pkg(8) 软件包会在 “latest” 分支中进行重建。
接下来我们将移除缺失的软件包，并重命名一些在 FreeBSD 12.x 版本中名称可能不同的软件包。
BE # sed -i '' \
-e s/drm-fbsd13-kmod/drm-kmod/g \
-e s/geany-gtk2/geany/g \
-e s/vim-console/vim-tiny/g \
pkg.prime-list
BE # pkg install -y $( cat pkg.prime-list | grep -v -e chromium -e ramspeed )
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
FreeBSD repository is up to date.
All repositories are up to date.
The following 1072 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked):
New packages to be INSTALLED:
(...)
Number of packages to be installed: 1072
The process will require 11 GiB more space.
2 GiB to be downloaded.
(...)
BE # rm pkg.prime-list一个小时左右后，我们的软件包已经安装完成。
BE # pkg stats
Local package database:
Installed packages: 1073
Disk space occupied: 11 GiB
Remote package database(s):
Number of repositories: 1
Packages available: 31294
Unique packages: 31294
Total size of packages: 96 GiB复制配置文件
现在你可以重启到一个干净且未配置的 FreeBSD 系统，但你也可以从当前正在使用的安装中复制配置文件。以下是我复制的文件。
首先是来自基本系统 /etc 和 /boot 目录的文件。
host # for I in /boot/loader.conf \
/etc/ttys \
/etc/rc.conf \
/etc/rc.local \
/etc/sysctl.conf \
/etc/hosts \
/etc/ethers \
/etc/fstab \
/etc/jail.conf \
/etc/make.conf \
/etc/src.conf \
/etc/devfs.rules \
/etc/exports \
/etc/resolv.conf \
/etc/localtime \
/etc/pf.conf \
/etc/resolv.conf \
/etc/profile \
/etc/csh.cshrc \
/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf \
/etc/freebsd-update.conf \
/etc/motd.template \
/etc/motd \
/var/cron/tabs/*
do
cp "${I}" /var/tmp/12.3/"${I}"
echo "${I}"
done
/boot/loader.conf
/etc/ttys
/etc/rc.conf
/etc/rc.local
/etc/sysctl.conf
/etc/hosts
/etc/ethers
/etc/fstab
/etc/jail.conf
/etc/make.conf
/etc/src.conf
/etc/devfs.rules
/etc/localtime
/etc/pf.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/profile
/etc/csh.cshrc
/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
/etc/freebsd-update.conf
/etc/motd.template
/etc/motd
/var/cron/tabs/vermaden
/var/cron/tabs/root接下来是已安装包在 /usr/local/etc 目录下的配置文件。
host # for I in /usr/local/etc/X11/xdm/Xresources \
/usr/local/etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0 \
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/* \
/usr/local/etc/devd/* \
/usr/local/etc/automount.conf \
/usr/local/etc/sudoers \
/usr/local/etc/doas.conf \
/usr/local/etc/zshrc \
/usr/local/etc/smb4.conf \
/usr/local/etc/automount.conf \
/usr/local/etc/fscd.conf \
/usr/local/etc/cups/* \
/usr/local/etc/cups/ssl/* \
/usr/local/etc/cups/ppd/*
do
cp "${I}" /var/tmp/12.3/"${I}"
echo "${I}"
done
/usr/local/etc/X11/xdm/Xresources
/usr/local/etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/card.conf
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/flags.conf
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/keyboard.conf
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/touchpad.conf
/usr/local/etc/devd/audio_source.conf
/usr/local/etc/devd/automount_devd.conf
/usr/local/etc/devd/cups.conf
/usr/local/etc/devd/cups.conf.sample
/usr/local/etc/devd/webcamd.conf
/usr/local/etc/automount.conf
/usr/local/etc/sudoers
/usr/local/etc/doas.conf
/usr/local/etc/zshrc
/usr/local/etc/smb4.conf
/usr/local/etc/automount.conf
/usr/local/etc/fscd.conf
/usr/local/etc/cups/classes.conf
/usr/local/etc/cups/command.types
/usr/local/etc/cups/cups-browsed.conf
/usr/local/etc/cups/cups-browsed.conf.sample
/usr/local/etc/cups/cups-files.conf
/usr/local/etc/cups/cups-files.conf.sample
/usr/local/etc/cups/cupsd.conf
/usr/local/etc/cups/cupsd.conf.sample
/usr/local/etc/cups/ppd
/usr/local/etc/cups/printers.conf
/usr/local/etc/cups/printers.conf.O
/usr/local/etc/cups/snmp.conf
/usr/local/etc/cups/snmp.conf.sample
/usr/local/etc/cups/ssl
/usr/local/etc/cups/ppd/HP-M251nw.ppd
/usr/local/etc/cups/ppd/Samsung-ML-1915.ppd添加用户并设置密码
现在你应该添加常规用户，并为该用户和 root 账户设置密码。
BE # pw useradd vermaden -u 1000 -d /home/vermaden -G wheel,operator,video,network,webcamd,vboxusers
BE # passwd root
BE # passwd vermaden重启进入新的 ZFS 启动环境
现在你可以退出该 ZFS 启动环境的 chroot(8)，然后重启。在 FreeBSD loader(8) 菜单中选择 12.3 启动环境。
BE # exit
host # umount /var/tmp/12.3/dev
host # beadm unmount 12.3
Unmounted successfully
host # beadm list -D
BE Active Mountpoint Space Created
13.0.w520 NR / 11.3G 2021-09-14 17:27
13.0.w520.safe - - 11.1G 2021-10-18 10:01
12.3 - - 9.5G 2021-10-18 13:14
host # shutdown -r now测试新系统
12.3-PRERELEASE 系统对我来说启动正常。我能够登录并像平常一样使用系统。需要注意的一点是 ZFS 池。我有另一个启用了 zstd 压缩的新 ZFS 池，但我无法导入该 ZFS 池，因为 FreeBSD 12.3-PRERELEASE 使用的不是 OpenZFS 2.0，而是 FreeBSD 内部的旧版本 ZFS。
# zpool import data
This pool uses the following feature(s) not supported by this system:
org.freebsd:zstd_compress (zstd compression algorithm support.)
com.delphix:log_spacemap (Log metaslab changes on a single spacemap and flush them periodically.)
org.zfsonlinux:project_quota (space/object accounting based on project ID.)
org.zfsonlinux:userobj_accounting (User/Group object accounting.)
cannot import 'data': unsupported version or feature请记住这一点……但你也可以从 FreeBSD Ports 安装更新的 OpenZFS，这正是我们接下来要做的。
# pkg install -y openzfs openzfs-kmod
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
FreeBSD repository is up to date.
All repositories are up to date.
The following 2 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked):
New packages to be INSTALLED:
openzfs: 2021090800
openzfs-kmod: 2021090800
Number of packages to be installed: 2
The process will require 22 MiB more space.
4 MiB to be downloaded.
[1/2] Fetching openzfs-2021090800.pkg: 100% 3 MiB 975.3kB/s 00:03
[2/2] Fetching openzfs-kmod-2021090800.pkg: 100% 1 MiB 591.2kB/s 00:02
Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting)
[1/2] Installing openzfs-kmod-2021090800...
[1/2] Extracting openzfs-kmod-2021090800: 100%
pkg: Cannot open /dev/null:No such file or directory
[2/2] Installing openzfs-2021090800...
[2/2] Extracting openzfs-2021090800: 100%
=====
Message from openzfs-kmod-2021090800:
--
Amend /boot/loader.conf as follows to use this module:
- change zfs_load="YES" to NO
- change opensolaris_load="YES" to NO
- add openzfs_load="YES"
- (for ARM64) add cryptodev_load="YES"
=====
Message from openzfs-2021090800:
--
Ensure that any zfs-related commands, such as zpool, zfs, as used in scripts
and in your terminal sessions, use the correct path of /usr/local/sbin/ and
not the /sbin/ commands provided by the FreeBSD base system.
Consider setting this in your shell profile defaults!接下来我们需要修改 /boot/loader.conf 文件。
host # beadm mount 12.3 /var/tmp/12.3
Mounted successfully on '/var/tmp/12.3'
host # chroot /var/tmp/12.3
BE # cp /boot/loader.conf /boot/loader.conf.ZFS
BE # vi /boot/loader.conf
BE # diff -u /boot/loader.conf.ZFS /boot/loader.conf
--- /boot/loader.conf.ZFS 2021-10-19 10:57:04.180732000 +0000
+++ /boot/loader.conf 2021-10-19 10:57:23.992145000 +0000
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
# 启动模块
geom_eli_load=YES
- zfs_load=YES
+ zfs_load=NO
+ openzfs_load=YES
# 为磁盘禁用 /dev/diskid/*
kern.geom.label.disk_ident.enable=0
BE # shutdown -r now重启并再次尝试后，我成功导入了那个更新的 ZFS 池。
希望你会觉得这篇指南有用。
欢迎随时提出你的建议。
更新 1 – 安装更新版本时的注意事项
本指南撰写时，我尝试在之前使用 FreeBSD 13.0 的系统上安装 FreeBSD 12.3，因此无需更新 bootcode。我刚在同一台 13.0 系统上尝试安装 13.1，这时需要执行以下两个步骤来更新 bootcode。
UEFI
对于 UEFI 分区，你需要从 13.1 安装中复制 /boot/loader.efi 文件，即 /var/tmp/13.1 目录。使用的命令如下。
host # gpart show -p ada1
=> 40 250069600 ada1 GPT (119G)
40 409600 ada1p1 efi (200M) <== UEFI BOOT PARTITION
409640 1024 ada1p2 freebsd-boot (512K) <== BIOS BOOT PARTITION
410664 984 - free - (492K)
411648 2097152 ada1p3 freebsd-swap (1.0G)
2508800 247560192 ada1p4 freebsd-zfs (118G)
250068992 648 - free - (324K)
host # mount_msdosfs /dev/ada1p1 /mnt
host # cp /var/tmp/13.1/boot/loader.efi /mnt/efi/boot/bootx64.efiBIOS
对于以传统 BIOS 模式启动的系统，你需要使用以下 gpart(8) 命令。
host # cd /var/tmp/13.1/boot
host # pwd
/var/tmp/13.1/boot
host # gpart bootcode -b ./pmbr -p ./gptzfsboot -i 2 ada1
partcode written to ada1p2
bootcode written to ada1由于 FreeBSD 通常安装为 BIOS+UEFI 启动模式兼容，因此这两个步骤都需要执行。
最后更新于
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