# ZFS 启动环境中的其他 FreeBSD 版本 * [Other FreeBSD Version in ZFS Boot Environment](https://vermaden.wordpress.com/2021/10/19/other-freebsd-version-in-zfs-boot-environment/) * 发布时间：2021/10/19 * 作者：𝚟𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚊𝚍𝚎𝚗 FreeBSD 12.3-PRERELEASE 的首批快照终于 [可用](https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-snapshots/2021-October/000005.html) 了。这意味着我们能在一个新的 ZFS 启动环境中尝试它们，而无需打扰当前运行的 13.0-RELEASE 系统。我们无法像平常那样从当前 ZFS 启动环境创建新的启动环境并将其升级到新版本，因为 12.3 的主版本比 13.0 还要旧（译注：旧版 FreeBSD 不识别新版的 ZFS）。 在 FreeBSD 发布流程中，这有点悖论：当 12.3-RELEASE 发布时，它可能包含一些比今年早些时候发布的 13.0-RELEASE 更新的提交和功能。当然，并非所有提交到 HEAD 的内容都会自动进入 12-STABLE 或 13-STABLE，但大多数都会。只有最大的变更会被限制在 14.0-RELEASE，当然，这大概会在 2022 年中期其发布流程进行时出现。 关于 FreeBSD 上的 ZFS 文件系统，有一点需要注意。人们常常将“真正的” ZFS 启动环境与它的替代品混淆，比如 Btrfs 快照或 Ubuntu 使用 **zsysctl(8)** 命令管理的快照。不幸的是，它们只是快照，并非完整的可写克隆（或完整独立的 ZFS 数据集）。它们可以冻结系统状态，从而在更新软件包后能够恢复到工作配置，但你无法像创建另一个独立的 ZFS 启动环境那样，安装其他独立版本的系统作为新的 ZFS 数据集。 ## 创建新的 ZFS 数据集 ```sh host # beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Created 13.0.w520 NR / 12.8G 2021-09-14 17:27 13.0.w520.safe - - 1.2G 2021-10-18 10:01 host # zfs list -r zroot/ROOT NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zroot/ROOT 12.8G 96.8G 88K none zroot/ROOT/13.0.w520 12.8G 96.8G 11.6G / zroot/ROOT/13.0.w520.safe 8K 96.8G 11.1G / host # zfs create -o mountpoint=/ -o canmount=off zroot/ROOT/12.3 host # beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Created 13.0.w520 NR / 12.8G 2021-09-14 17:27 13.0.w520.safe - - 1.2G 2021-10-18 10:01 12.3 - - 96.0K 2021-10-18 13:14 ``` ## 安装 FreeBSD 12.3-PRERELEASE ```sh host # beadm mount 12.3 /var/tmp/12.3 Mounted successfully on '/var/tmp/12.3' host # beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Created 13.0.w520 NR / 12.8G 2021-09-14 17:27 13.0.w520.safe - - 1.2G 2021-10-18 10:01 12.3 - /var/tmp/12.3 96.0K 2021-10-18 13:14 host # curl -o - https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/amd64/12.3-PRERELEASE/base.txz \ | tar --unlink -xpf - -C /var/tmp/12.3 % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 173M 100 173M 0 0 1889k 0 0:01:33 0:01:33 --:--:-- 2228k host # exa -1 /var/tmp/12.3 bin boot dev etc lib libexec media mnt net proc rescue root sbin tmp usr var COPYRIGHT sys host # curl -o - https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/amd64/12.3-PRERELEASE/kernel.txz \ | tar --unlink -xpf - -C /var/tmp/12.3 % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 43.3M 100 43.3M 0 0 1733k 0 0:00:25 0:00:25 --:--:-- 1663k host # exa -lh /var/tmp/12.3/boot/kernel/kernel Permissions Size User Date Modified Name .r-xr-xr-x 37M root 2021-10-14 06:31 /var/tmp/12.3/boot/kernel/kernel host # curl -o - https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/amd64/12.3-PRERELEASE/lib32.txz \ | tar --unlink -xpf - -C /var/tmp/12.3 host # exa -ld /var/tmp/12.3/usr/lib32 drwxr-xr-x - root 2021-10-18 13:45 /var/tmp/12.3/usr/lib32 ``` ## 安装与主机相同的 Packages 使用 **pkg prime-list**，我们可以获取当前运行系统上手动安装的所有 **pkg(8)** 软件包。你也可以省略此步骤，或者只安装你需要的软件包，而不是全部安装。 ```sh host # pkg prime-list > /var/tmp/12.3/pkg.prime-list host # chroot /var/tmp/12.3 /bin/sh (BE) # export PS1="BE # " BE # mount -t devfs devfs /dev BE # sed -i '' s/quarterly/latest/g /etc/pkg/FreeBSD.conf BE # pkg install -y $( cat pkg.prime-list ) Bootstrapping pkg from pkg+http://pkg.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD:12:amd64/latest, please wait... Verifying signature with trusted certificate pkg.freebsd.org.2013102301... done Installing pkg-1.17.2... Extracting pkg-1.17.2: 100% Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue... Fetching meta.conf: 100% 163 B 0.2kB/s 00:01 Fetching packagesite.pkg: 100% 6 MiB 1.3MB/s 00:05 Processing entries: 100% FreeBSD repository update completed. 31294 packages processed. All repositories are up to date. Updating database digests format: 100% pkg: No packages available to install matching 'chromium' have been found in the repositories pkg: No packages available to install matching 'drm-fbsd13-kmod' have been found in the repositories pkg: No packages available to install matching 'geany-gtk2' have been found in the repositories pkg: No packages available to install matching 'ramspeed' have been found in the repositories pkg: No packages available to install matching 'vim-console' have been found in the repositories ``` 如我们所见，在 FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE 系统中安装的一些软件包，目前在 FreeBSD 12.3-PRERELEASE 系统的 **pkg(8)** “**latest**” 分支中不可用。这种情况有时会发生，例如某些软件包构建失败——但你可以假设这些软件包在一周左右会重新可用，因为 **pkg(8)** 软件包会在 “**latest**” 分支中进行重建。 接下来我们将移除缺失的软件包，并重命名一些在 FreeBSD 12.x 版本中名称可能不同的软件包。 ```sh BE # sed -i '' \ -e s/drm-fbsd13-kmod/drm-kmod/g \ -e s/geany-gtk2/geany/g \ -e s/vim-console/vim-tiny/g \ pkg.prime-list BE # pkg install -y $( cat pkg.prime-list | grep -v -e chromium -e ramspeed ) Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue... FreeBSD repository is up to date. All repositories are up to date. The following 1072 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked): New packages to be INSTALLED: (...) Number of packages to be installed: 1072 The process will require 11 GiB more space. 2 GiB to be downloaded. (...) BE # rm pkg.prime-list ``` 一个小时左右后，我们的软件包已经安装完成。 ```sh BE # pkg stats Local package database: Installed packages: 1073 Disk space occupied: 11 GiB Remote package database(s): Number of repositories: 1 Packages available: 31294 Unique packages: 31294 Total size of packages: 96 GiB ``` ## 复制配置文件 现在你可以重启到一个干净且未配置的 FreeBSD 系统，但你也可以从当前正在使用的安装中复制配置文件。以下是我复制的文件。 首先是来自基本系统 **/etc** 和 **/boot** 目录的文件。 ```sh host # for I in /boot/loader.conf \ /etc/ttys \ /etc/rc.conf \ /etc/rc.local \ /etc/sysctl.conf \ /etc/hosts \ /etc/ethers \ /etc/fstab \ /etc/jail.conf \ /etc/make.conf \ /etc/src.conf \ /etc/devfs.rules \ /etc/exports \ /etc/resolv.conf \ /etc/localtime \ /etc/pf.conf \ /etc/resolv.conf \ /etc/profile \ /etc/csh.cshrc \ /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf \ /etc/freebsd-update.conf \ /etc/motd.template \ /etc/motd \ /var/cron/tabs/* do cp "${I}" /var/tmp/12.3/"${I}" echo "${I}" done /boot/loader.conf /etc/ttys /etc/rc.conf /etc/rc.local /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/hosts /etc/ethers /etc/fstab /etc/jail.conf /etc/make.conf /etc/src.conf /etc/devfs.rules /etc/localtime /etc/pf.conf /etc/resolv.conf /etc/profile /etc/csh.cshrc /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf /etc/freebsd-update.conf /etc/motd.template /etc/motd /var/cron/tabs/vermaden /var/cron/tabs/root ``` 接下来是已安装包在 **/usr/local/etc** 目录下的配置文件。 ```sh host # for I in /usr/local/etc/X11/xdm/Xresources \ /usr/local/etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0 \ /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/* \ /usr/local/etc/devd/* \ /usr/local/etc/automount.conf \ /usr/local/etc/sudoers \ /usr/local/etc/doas.conf \ /usr/local/etc/zshrc \ /usr/local/etc/smb4.conf \ /usr/local/etc/automount.conf \ /usr/local/etc/fscd.conf \ /usr/local/etc/cups/* \ /usr/local/etc/cups/ssl/* \ /usr/local/etc/cups/ppd/* do cp "${I}" /var/tmp/12.3/"${I}" echo "${I}" done /usr/local/etc/X11/xdm/Xresources /usr/local/etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0 /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/card.conf /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/flags.conf /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/keyboard.conf /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/touchpad.conf /usr/local/etc/devd/audio_source.conf /usr/local/etc/devd/automount_devd.conf /usr/local/etc/devd/cups.conf /usr/local/etc/devd/cups.conf.sample /usr/local/etc/devd/webcamd.conf /usr/local/etc/automount.conf /usr/local/etc/sudoers /usr/local/etc/doas.conf /usr/local/etc/zshrc /usr/local/etc/smb4.conf /usr/local/etc/automount.conf /usr/local/etc/fscd.conf /usr/local/etc/cups/classes.conf /usr/local/etc/cups/command.types /usr/local/etc/cups/cups-browsed.conf /usr/local/etc/cups/cups-browsed.conf.sample /usr/local/etc/cups/cups-files.conf /usr/local/etc/cups/cups-files.conf.sample /usr/local/etc/cups/cupsd.conf /usr/local/etc/cups/cupsd.conf.sample /usr/local/etc/cups/ppd /usr/local/etc/cups/printers.conf /usr/local/etc/cups/printers.conf.O /usr/local/etc/cups/snmp.conf /usr/local/etc/cups/snmp.conf.sample /usr/local/etc/cups/ssl /usr/local/etc/cups/ppd/HP-M251nw.ppd /usr/local/etc/cups/ppd/Samsung-ML-1915.ppd ``` ## 添加用户并设置密码 现在你应该添加常规用户，并为该用户和 root 账户设置密码。 ```sh BE # pw useradd vermaden -u 1000 -d /home/vermaden -G wheel,operator,video,network,webcamd,vboxusers BE # passwd root BE # passwd vermaden ``` ## 重启进入新的 ZFS 启动环境 现在你可以退出该 ZFS 启动环境的 **chroot(8)**，然后重启。在 FreeBSD **loader(8)** 菜单中选择 **12.3** 启动环境。 ```sh BE # exit host # umount /var/tmp/12.3/dev host # beadm unmount 12.3 Unmounted successfully host # beadm list -D BE Active Mountpoint Space Created 13.0.w520 NR / 11.3G 2021-09-14 17:27 13.0.w520.safe - - 11.1G 2021-10-18 10:01 12.3 - - 9.5G 2021-10-18 13:14 host # shutdown -r now ``` ## 测试新系统 12.3-PRERELEASE 系统对我来说启动正常。我能够登录并像平常一样使用系统。需要注意的一点是 ZFS 池。我有另一个启用了 **zstd** 压缩的新 ZFS 池，但我无法导入该 ZFS 池，因为 FreeBSD 12.3-PRERELEASE 使用的不是 OpenZFS 2.0，而是 FreeBSD 内部的旧版本 ZFS。 ```sh # zpool import data This pool uses the following feature(s) not supported by this system: org.freebsd:zstd_compress (zstd compression algorithm support.) com.delphix:log_spacemap (Log metaslab changes on a single spacemap and flush them periodically.) org.zfsonlinux:project_quota (space/object accounting based on project ID.) org.zfsonlinux:userobj_accounting (User/Group object accounting.) cannot import 'data': unsupported version or feature ``` 请记住这一点……但你也可以从 FreeBSD Ports 安装更新的 OpenZFS，这正是我们接下来要做的。 ```sh # pkg install -y openzfs openzfs-kmod Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue... FreeBSD repository is up to date. All repositories are up to date. The following 2 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked): New packages to be INSTALLED: openzfs: 2021090800 openzfs-kmod: 2021090800 Number of packages to be installed: 2 The process will require 22 MiB more space. 4 MiB to be downloaded. [1/2] Fetching openzfs-2021090800.pkg: 100% 3 MiB 975.3kB/s 00:03 [2/2] Fetching openzfs-kmod-2021090800.pkg: 100% 1 MiB 591.2kB/s 00:02 Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting) [1/2] Installing openzfs-kmod-2021090800... [1/2] Extracting openzfs-kmod-2021090800: 100% pkg: Cannot open /dev/null:No such file or directory [2/2] Installing openzfs-2021090800... [2/2] Extracting openzfs-2021090800: 100% ===== Message from openzfs-kmod-2021090800: -- Amend /boot/loader.conf as follows to use this module: - change zfs_load="YES" to NO - change opensolaris_load="YES" to NO - add openzfs_load="YES" - (for ARM64) add cryptodev_load="YES" ===== Message from openzfs-2021090800: -- Ensure that any zfs-related commands, such as zpool, zfs, as used in scripts and in your terminal sessions, use the correct path of /usr/local/sbin/ and not the /sbin/ commands provided by the FreeBSD base system. Consider setting this in your shell profile defaults! ``` 接下来我们需要修改 **/boot/loader.conf** 文件。 ```sh host # beadm mount 12.3 /var/tmp/12.3 Mounted successfully on '/var/tmp/12.3' host # chroot /var/tmp/12.3 BE # cp /boot/loader.conf /boot/loader.conf.ZFS BE # vi /boot/loader.conf BE # diff -u /boot/loader.conf.ZFS /boot/loader.conf --- /boot/loader.conf.ZFS 2021-10-19 10:57:04.180732000 +0000 +++ /boot/loader.conf 2021-10-19 10:57:23.992145000 +0000 @@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ # 启动模块 geom_eli_load=YES - zfs_load=YES + zfs_load=NO + openzfs_load=YES # 为磁盘禁用 /dev/diskid/* kern.geom.label.disk_ident.enable=0 BE # shutdown -r now ``` 重启并再次尝试后，我成功导入了那个更新的 ZFS 池。 希望你会觉得这篇指南有用。 欢迎随时提出你的建议。 ## 更新 1 – 安装更新版本时的注意事项 本指南撰写时，我尝试在之前使用 FreeBSD 13.0 的系统上安装 FreeBSD 12.3，因此无需更新 *bootcode*。我刚在同一台 13.0 系统上尝试安装 13.1，这时需要执行以下两个步骤来更新 *bootcode*。 ### UEFI 对于 UEFI 分区，你需要从 13.1 安装中复制 **/boot/loader.efi** 文件，即 **/var/tmp/13.1** 目录。使用的命令如下。 ```sh host # gpart show -p ada1 => 40 250069600 ada1 GPT (119G) 40 409600 ada1p1 efi (200M) <== UEFI BOOT PARTITION 409640 1024 ada1p2 freebsd-boot (512K) <== BIOS BOOT PARTITION 410664 984 - free - (492K) 411648 2097152 ada1p3 freebsd-swap (1.0G) 2508800 247560192 ada1p4 freebsd-zfs (118G) 250068992 648 - free - (324K) host # mount_msdosfs /dev/ada1p1 /mnt host # cp /var/tmp/13.1/boot/loader.efi /mnt/efi/boot/bootx64.efi ``` ### BIOS 对于以传统 BIOS 模式启动的系统，你需要使用以下 **gpart(8)** 命令。 ```sh host # cd /var/tmp/13.1/boot host # pwd /var/tmp/13.1/boot host # gpart bootcode -b ./pmbr -p ./gptzfsboot -i 2 ada1 partcode written to ada1p2 bootcode written to ada1 ``` 由于 FreeBSD 通常安装为 **BIOS+UEFI** 启动模式兼容，因此这两个步骤都需要执行。 --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. 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