# 修复 FreeBSD 上的依赖 * [Fix Broken Dependency on FreeBSD](https://vermaden.wordpress.com/2019/03/21/fix-broken-dependency-on-freebsd/) * 作者：𝚟𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚊𝚍𝚎𝚗 * 2019/03 不知道你怎么样，但我经常更新我的包……而且数量多达一千多个。 ``` % pkg info | wc -l 1051 ``` ……不过这没什么，大多数都是我使用软件的依赖包。 例如，我需要 Openbox 和 X11，但为了使用它们，我需要 300 多个库和协议依赖，这很正常，这就是它的工作方式……不过有时升级之后，一两个应用程序会因为缺失依赖而无法启动。我会说这种情况大约每二十到三十次更新发生一次（1/20 – 1/30），非常罕见，而且即便发生，也很容易解决。我在 Linux 系统上也遇到过很多次，所以这不仅仅是 FreeBSD 的问题，这就是开源桌面/笔记本生态的运作方式 🙂。 今天的受害者是 Chromium。我平时一般使用 Firefox，但有时当某个页面在 Firefox 上表现异常时，我会用 Chromium 验证这个行为。我也把 Chromium 用作本地 ***.htm**/***.html**/\***.chm** 文件的文件打开器（或者说文件浏览器）。但这次它无法启动，于是我去命令行检查出了什么问题。 ```sh % chrome Shared object "libx264.so.155" not found, required by "libavcodec.so.58" ``` ……缺失的依赖是库 **libx264.so.155**。 ## 鲁莽的符号链接 这种方法被认为是危险的，或者说是一种快速且粗糙的修复方式——它本身也可能引入其他问题——但在很多情况下，它可以暂时解决问题。 ……而这正是它的作用——一个临时修复，直到 **ffmpeg** 包完成重建——这比执行 **pkg upgrade** 命令需要更长时间，但当我现在需要 Chromium 时，就是“现在”，而不是等 **ffmpeg** 包重建完成之后再说。这个问题的根源在于 FreeBSD 项目缺乏提供 **lame** 包的勇气。OpenBSD 的开发者没有这个问题，但 FreeBSD 的开发者有。因此，要在 **ffmpeg** 中支持 MP3，你必须先手动编译 **lame** 包，然后在 **ffmpeg** 中选择该选项，再将其重新构建为包……而且每次执行 **pkg upgrade** 命令都要重复这一过程……至少可以说这是非常麻烦的。 这就是我使用 [**pkg-recompile.sh**](https://github.com/vermaden/scripts/blob/master/pkg-recompile.sh) 脚本的原因——为了避免每次更新包（大约每周两次）都手动重复上述操作。如果可以称之为“工作流程”，它大致是这样的： ```sh # pkg upgrade # pkg-recompile.sh build ``` 那我们来验证一下，看看 Chromium 是否还有其他缺失的依赖。 ```sh % which chrome /usr/local/bin/chrome % ldd /usr/local/bin/chrome ldd: /usr/local/bin/chrome: not a dynamic executable ``` 所以 **/usr/local/bin/chrome** 只是一个包装脚本，让我们看看它的内容。 ```sh % cat /usr/local/bin/chrome #!/bin/sh SYSCTL=kern.ipc.shm_allow_removed if [ "`/sbin/sysctl -n $SYSCTL`" = 0 ] ; then cat << EOMSG For correct operation, shared memory support has to be enabled in Chromium by performing the following command as root : sysctl $SYSCTL=1 To preserve this setting across reboots, append the following to /etc/sysctl.conf : $SYSCTL=1 EOMSG exit 1 fi ulimit -c 0 exec /usr/local/share/chromium/chrome ${1+"$@"} ``` 所以我们的真正二进制文件是 **/usr/local/share/chromium/chrome**，接下来用 **ldd(8)** 检查它。 ```sh % ldd /usr/local/share/chromium/chrome /usr/local/share/chromium/chrome: libthr.so.3 => /lib/libthr.so.3 (0x809b78000) libX11.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libX11.so.6 (0x809da0000) libX11-xcb.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libX11-xcb.so.1 (0x80a0df000) libxcb.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb.so.1 (0x80a2e0000) libXcomposite.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libXcomposite.so.1 (0x80a506000) libXcursor.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libXcursor.so.1 (0x80a708000) libXdamage.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libXdamage.so.1 (0x80a913000) libXext.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libXext.so.6 (0x80ab15000) libXfixes.so.3 => /usr/local/lib/libXfixes.so.3 (0x80ad26000) libXi.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libXi.so.6 (0x80af2b000) libXrender.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libXrender.so.1 (0x80b139000) libXtst.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libXtst.so.6 (0x80b342000) libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x80b547000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x80b74a000) libgobject-2.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0 (0x80ba61000) libgthread-2.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libgthread-2.0.so.0 (0x80bcab000) libintl.so.8 => /usr/local/lib/libintl.so.8 (0x80beac000) libnss3.so => /usr/local/lib/nss/libnss3.so (0x80c0b7000) libsmime3.so => /usr/local/lib/nss/libsmime3.so (0x80c3e3000) libnssutil3.so => /usr/local/lib/nss/libnssutil3.so (0x80c60d000) libplds4.so => /usr/local/lib/libplds4.so (0x80c83d000) libplc4.so => /usr/local/lib/libplc4.so (0x80ca40000) libnspr4.so => /usr/local/lib/libnspr4.so (0x80cc44000) libdl.so.1 => /usr/lib/libdl.so.1 (0x80ce83000) libcups.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libcups.so.2 (0x80d084000) libxml2.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libxml2.so.2 (0x80d315000) libfontconfig.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libfontconfig.so.1 (0x80d6a8000) libdbus-1.so.3 => /usr/local/lib/libdbus-1.so.3 (0x80d8ef000) libexecinfo.so.1 => /usr/lib/libexecinfo.so.1 (0x80db40000) libkvm.so.7 => /lib/libkvm.so.7 (0x80dd43000) libutil.so.9 => /lib/libutil.so.9 (0x80df51000) libXss.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libXss.so.1 (0x80e165000) libwebpdemux.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libwebpdemux.so.2 (0x80e367000) libwebpmux.so.3 => /usr/local/lib/libwebpmux.so.3 (0x80e56b000) libwebp.so.7 => /usr/local/lib/libwebp.so.7 (0x80e775000) libfreetype.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libfreetype.so.6 (0x80ea05000) libjpeg.so.8 => /usr/local/lib/libjpeg.so.8 (0x80ecbb000) libexpat.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libexpat.so.1 (0x80ef4e000) libharfbuzz.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libharfbuzz.so.0 (0x80f179000) libdrm.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libdrm.so.2 (0x80f458000) libXrandr.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libXrandr.so.2 (0x80f66b000) libgio-2.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libgio-2.0.so.0 (0x80f875000) libavcodec.so.58 => /usr/local/lib/libavcodec.so.58 (0x80fe00000) libavformat.so.58 => /usr/local/lib/libavformat.so.58 (0x811800000) libavutil.so.56 => /usr/local/lib/libavutil.so.56 (0x811c52000) libopenh264.so.4 => /usr/local/lib/libopenh264.so.4 (0x811eca000) libasound.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libasound.so.2 (0x8121da000) libsnappy.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libsnappy.so.1 (0x8124de000) libopus.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libopus.so.0 (0x8126e6000) libpangocairo-1.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libpangocairo-1.0.so.0 (0x812956000) libpango-1.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libpango-1.0.so.0 (0x812b63000) libcairo.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libcairo.so.2 (0x812db1000) libGL.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libGL.so.1 (0x8130d8000) libpci.so.3 => /usr/local/lib/libpci.so.3 (0x813366000) libatk-1.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libatk-1.0.so.0 (0x813571000) libatk-bridge-2.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libatk-bridge-2.0.so.0 (0x81379c000) libatspi.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libatspi.so.0 (0x8139cc000) libFLAC.so.8 => /usr/local/lib/libFLAC.so.8 (0x813bfd000) libgtk-3.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libgtk-3.so.0 (0x814000000) libgdk-3.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libgdk-3.so.0 (0x8148b9000) libcairo-gobject.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libcairo-gobject.so.2 (0x814bb0000) libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 (0x814db8000) libxslt.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libxslt.so.1 (0x814fdb000) libz.so.6 => /lib/libz.so.6 (0x815218000) liblzma.so.5 => /usr/lib/liblzma.so.5 (0x815430000) libm.so.5 => /lib/libm.so.5 (0x815659000) librt.so.1 => /usr/lib/librt.so.1 (0x815886000) libc++.so.1 => /usr/lib/libc++.so.1 (0x815a8c000) libcxxrt.so.1 => /lib/libcxxrt.so.1 (0x815d5a000) libc.so.7 => /lib/libc.so.7 (0x800823000) libXau.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libXau.so.6 (0x815f79000) libXdmcp.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libXdmcp.so.6 (0x81617c000) libiconv.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libiconv.so.2 (0x816381000) libpcre.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libpcre.so.1 (0x81667c000) libffi.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libffi.so.6 (0x81691a000) libgnutls.so.30 => /usr/local/lib/libgnutls.so.30 (0x816b21000) libavahi-common.so.3 => /usr/local/lib/libavahi-common.so.3 (0x816ed4000) libavahi-client.so.3 => /usr/local/lib/libavahi-client.so.3 (0x8170e0000) libcrypt.so.5 => /lib/libcrypt.so.5 (0x8172ef000) libelf.so.2 => /lib/libelf.so.2 (0x81750e000) libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x817725000) libbz2.so.4 => /usr/lib/libbz2.so.4 (0x817934000) libgraphite2.so.3 => /usr/local/lib/libgraphite2.so.3 (0x817b48000) libswresample.so.3 => /usr/local/lib/libswresample.so.3 (0x817d71000) libvpx.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libvpx.so.6 (0x818000000) libdav1d.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libdav1d.so.1 (0x818411000) libmp3lame.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libmp3lame.so.0 (0x818732000) libtheoraenc.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libtheoraenc.so.1 (0x8189b3000) libtheoradec.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libtheoradec.so.1 (0x818be2000) libvorbis.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libvorbis.so.0 (0x818df3000) libvorbisenc.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libvorbisenc.so.2 (0x819024000) libx264.so.155 => not found (0) libx265.so.170 => /usr/local/lib/libx265.so.170 (0x819400000) libxvidcore.so.4 => /usr/local/lib/libxvidcore.so.4 (0x819b4b000) libva.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libva.so.2 (0x819e70000) libgmp.so.10 => /usr/local/lib/libgmp.so.10 (0x81a096000) libva-drm.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libva-drm.so.2 (0x81a316000) libva-x11.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libva-x11.so.2 (0x81a518000) libvdpau.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libvdpau.so.1 (0x81a71d000) libpangoft2-1.0.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libpangoft2-1.0.so.0 (0x81a920000) libfribidi.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libfribidi.so.0 (0x81ab36000) libpixman-1.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libpixman-1.so.0 (0x81ad4c000) libEGL.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libEGL.so.1 (0x81b016000) libpng16.so.16 => /usr/local/lib/libpng16.so.16 (0x81b24e000) libxcb-shm.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb-shm.so.0 (0x81b489000) libxcb-render.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb-render.so.0 (0x81b68b000) libxcb-dri3.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb-dri3.so.0 (0x81b898000) libxcb-xfixes.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb-xfixes.so.0 (0x81ba9b000) libxcb-present.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb-present.so.0 (0x81bca2000) libxcb-sync.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb-sync.so.1 (0x81bea4000) libxshmfence.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libxshmfence.so.1 (0x81c0aa000) libglapi.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libglapi.so.0 (0x81c2ab000) libxcb-glx.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb-glx.so.0 (0x81c505000) libxcb-dri2.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libxcb-dri2.so.0 (0x81c71e000) libXxf86vm.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libXxf86vm.so.1 (0x81c922000) libogg.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libogg.so.0 (0x81cb26000) libXinerama.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libXinerama.so.1 (0x81cd2c000) libxkbcommon.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libxkbcommon.so.0 (0x81cf2e000) libwayland-cursor.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libwayland-cursor.so.0 (0x81d16b000) libwayland-egl.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libwayland-egl.so.1 (0x81d372000) libwayland-client.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libwayland-client.so.0 (0x81d573000) libepoxy.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libepoxy.so.0 (0x81d782000) libp11-kit.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libp11-kit.so.0 (0x81da91000) libtasn1.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libtasn1.so.6 (0x81ddb2000) libnettle.so.6 => /usr/local/lib/libnettle.so.6 (0x81dfc7000) libhogweed.so.4 => /usr/local/lib/libhogweed.so.4 (0x81e1ff000) libidn2.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libidn2.so.0 (0x81e435000) libunistring.so.2 => /usr/local/lib/libunistring.so.2 (0x81e653000) libgbm.so.1 => /usr/local/lib/libgbm.so.1 (0x81ea07000) libwayland-server.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libwayland-server.so.0 (0x81ec15000) libepoll-shim.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libepoll-shim.so.0 (0x81ee28000) ``` 依赖很多，我们直接用 **grep(1)** 筛选，示例如下。 ```sh % ldd /usr/local/share/chromium/chrome | grep found libx264.so.155 => not found (0) ``` 只缺失了一个依赖——**libx264.so.155**。那我们就来修复它。 ```sh % cd /usr/local/lib % ls -l libx264.so* lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 14 2019.03.19 02:11 libx264.so -> libx264.so.157 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 2090944 2019.03.19 02:11 libx264.so.157 ``` 这里有一个稍新的版本 **libx264.so.157**，所以我们用它创建一个符号链接，命名为缺失的 **libx264.so.155**。 ```sh # pwd /usr/local/lib # ln -s libx264.so libx264.so.155 # ls -l libx264.so* lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 14 2019.03.19 02:11 libx264.so -> libx264.so.157 lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 10 2019.03.21 15:26 libx264.so.155 -> libx264.so -rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 2090944 2019.03.19 02:11 libx264.so.157 ``` 现在应该能正常启动 Chromium 了。 ```sh % ldd /usr/local/share/chromium/chrome | grep found % ``` 没有出现任何 **not found** 的结果。 那我们就用 **chrome** 命令启动 Chromium。 ``` % chrome ``` 一如既往，一切正常 🙂。 可以通过下面这张简单的截图直观地看到整个过程。 ![vermaden\_2019-03-21\_15-47-40.png](https://vermaden.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/vermaden_2019-03-21_15-47-40.png?w=960) ## 使用 `/etc/libmap.conf` 文件 与其创建符号链接——这种方法会全局生效——你也可以为二进制文件 **/usr/local/share/chromium/chrome** 单独创建一个合适的 [**libmap.conf**](https://man.freebsd.org/libmap.conf) 配置文件。 下面是仅针对 Chromium 浏览器的修复方法。 ```sh # cat /etc/libmap.conf [/usr/local/share/chromium/chrome] libx264.so.155 libx264.so ``` ……与之等效、可全局生效的解决方案是使用符号链接，如下所示。 ```sh # cat /etc/libmap.conf libx264.so.155 libx264.so ``` 这种方法也更方便迁移或批量应用这些修改，而不需要复制符号链接。 ## 修复 pkg(8) 数据库中的破损依赖 我在 [**Less Known pkg(8) Features**](https://vermaden.wordpress.com/2019/01/17/less-known-pkg8-features/) 一文中已经写过，但为了选项的完整性，这里值得再提一次。 曾经有一次，缺失的依赖——涉及易受攻击的 **www/libxul19** 包——折磨了我一段时间。 我甚至已经绝望到想用 **portmaster** 重新编译所有东西。 我一开始使用了 **portmaster --check-depends** 命令，但在提示是否修复时选择了‘**n**’，因为那会不必要地降级很多包。 ```sh # portmaster --check-depends (...) Checking dependencies: evince graphics/evince has a missing dependency: www/libxul19 (...) >>> Missing package dependencies were detected. >>> Found 1 issue(s) in total with your package database. The following packages will be installed: Downgrading perl: 5.14.2_3 -> 5.14.2_2 Downgrading glib: 2.34.3 -> 2.28.8_5 Downgrading gio-fam-backend: 2.34.3 -> 2.28.8_1 Downgrading libffi: 3.0.12 -> 3.0.11 Downgrading gobject-introspection: 1.34.2 -> 0.10.8_3 Downgrading atk: 2.6.0 -> 2.0.1 Downgrading gdk-pixbuf2: 2.26.5 -> 2.23.5_3 Downgrading pango: 1.30.1 -> 1.28.4_1 Downgrading gtk-update-icon-cache: 2.24.17 -> 2.24.6_1 Downgrading dbus: 1.6.8 -> 1.4.14_4 Downgrading gtk: 2.24.17 -> 2.24.6_2 Downgrading dbus-glib: 0.100.1 -> 0.94 Installing libxul: 1.9.2.28_1 The installation will require 66 MB more space 38 MB to be downloaded >>> Try to fix the missing dependencies [y/N]: n >>> Summary of actions performed: www/libxul19 dependency failed to be fixed >>> There are still missing dependencies. >>> You are advised to try fixing them manually. >>> Also make sure to check 'pkg updating' for known issues. ``` 那我们来看 **pkg(8)** 显示的已安装包情况。 ```sh # pkg info | grep libxul libxul-10.0.12 Mozilla runtime package that can be used to bootstrap XUL+XPCOM apps # pkg info -qoa | grep libxul www/libxul ``` 问题在于我们安装的是 **www/libxul** 而不是 **www/libxul19**，这也是为什么 **portmaster**（以及其他工具）会报错。 在引入 **pkg(8)** 之前，只需对整个 **/var/db/pkg** 目录及其“文件数据库”使用 **grep -r** 就很容易查到，但现在情况复杂得多，因为包数据库已经存储在 SQLite 数据库中。 使用 **pkg shell** 命令可以连接到该数据库。让我们看看能找到些什么。 ```sh # pkg shell SQLite version 3.7.13 2012-06-11 02:05:22 Enter ".help" for instructions Enter SQL statements terminated with a ";" sqlite> .databases seq name file --- --------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 main /var/db/pkg/local.sqlite sqlite> .tables categories licenses pkg_directories scripts deps mtree pkg_groups shlibs directories options pkg_licenses users files packages pkg_shlibs groups pkg_categories pkg_users sqlite> .header on sqlite> .mode column sqlite> pragma table_info(deps); cid name type notnull dflt_value pk ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 origin TEXT 1 1 1 name TEXT 1 0 2 version TEXT 1 0 3 package_id INTEGER 0 1 sqlite> .quit ``` 所以现在我们知道，“**deps**”表可能就是我们要找的 ;)。 由于 **pkg shell** 在 SQLite“浏览”方面相当有限，我将直接使用 **sqlite3** 命令。所谓有限，是指你不能直接输入 **pkg shell "select \* from deps;"** 查询，而是需要先启动 **pkg shell**，然后才能输入查询语句。 ```sh # sqlite3 -column /var/db/pkg/local.sqlite "select * from deps;" | grep libxul www/libxul19 libxul 1.9.2.28_1 104 ``` 第二列是 **name**，所以我们可以尝试用它来查询。 ```sh sqlite3 -header -column /var/db/pkg/local.sqlite "select * from deps where name='libxul';" origin name version package_id ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- www/libxul19 libxul 1.9.2.28_1 104 ``` 现在我们已经定位到这个“有问题”的依赖条目，让我们稍微修改它，使其与实际已安装的包状态一致。 ```sh # sqlite3 /var/db/pkg/local.sqlite "update deps set origin='www/libxul' where name='libxul';" # sqlite3 /var/db/pkg/local.sqlite "update deps set version='10.0.12' where name='libxul';" ``` 当然，你也可以使用“官方”方式，通过 **pkg shell** 命令来操作。 ```sh # pkg shell SQLite version 3.7.13 2012-06-11 02:05:22 Enter ".help" for instructions Enter SQL statements terminated with a ";" sqlite> update deps set origin='www/libxul' where name='libxul'; sqlite> update deps set version='10.0.12' where name='libxul'; sqlite> .header on sqlite> .mode column sqlite> select * from deps where name='libxul'; origin name version package_id ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- www/libxul libxul 10.0.12 104 sqlite> .quit ``` 现在 **portmaster** 已经不再抱怨缺失依赖，一切正常。 ```sh # portmaster --check-depends (...) Checking dependencies: zenity Checking dependencies: zip Checking dependencies: zsh # ``` 完美！问题解决了 😉 ……但 **pkg(8)** 本身已经提供了工具来处理这个问题 🙂 它叫做 **pkg set**，在 **man pkg-set** 中最有用的两个选项是： ``` -n oldname:newname, --change-name oldname:newname Change the package name of a given dependency from oldname to newname. 将指定依赖项的包名从 `oldname` 修改为 `newname`。 (...) -o oldorigin:neworigin, --change-origin oldorigin:neworigin Change the port origin of a given dependency from oldorigin to neworigin. This corresponds to the port directory that the package originated from. Typically, this is only needed for upgrading a library or package that has MOVED or when the default version of a major port dependency changes. (DEPRECATED) Usually this will be explained in /usr/ports/UPDATING. Also see pkg-updating(8) and EXAMPLES. 将指定依赖项的 Port 来源从 oldorigin 修改为 neworigin。 这对应于该包最初来源的 Port 目录。通常，仅在升级已被 MOVED 的库或包，或者主要 Port 依赖的默认版本发生变化时才需要使用此功能。（已弃用）通常相关说明会在 /usr/ports/UPDATING 中给出。 另请参见 pkg-updating(8) 和示例。 ``` 在我们的例子中，可以使用以下命令：`pkg set -o www/libxul19:www/libxul` 不过不确定它是否会以同样的方式解决问题，因为我同时还更新了数据库中的版本信息。 ## 使用 bsdadminscripts2 包中的 pkg\_libchk 还有另一种方法可以修复或检查此类问题——那就是使用 **bsdadminscripts2** 包中的 **pkg\_libchk**。请注意，这里有两个名称中带有 **bsdadminscripts** 的冲突包，需要区分清楚。 ``` # pkg search bsdadmin bsdadminscripts-6.1.1_8 Collection of administration scripts bsdadminscripts2-0.2.1 BSD Administration Scripts 2 ``` ……只要你安装了 **bsdadminscripts2**，就无法再安装 **bsdadminscripts**，因为它们存在冲突。我之前已经安装了 **bsdadminscripts2**，但想在系统中添加 **bsdadminscripts**。 ```sh # pkg install bsdadminscripts Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue... FreeBSD repository is up to date. All repositories are up to date. Checking integrity... done (1 conflicting) - bsdadminscripts-6.1.1_8 conflicts with bsdadminscripts2-0.2.1 on /usr/local/sbin/distviper Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting) The following 2 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked): Installed packages to be REMOVED: bsdadminscripts2-0.2.1 New packages to be INSTALLED: bsdadminscripts: 6.1.1_8 Number of packages to be removed: 1 Number of packages to be installed: 1 Proceed with this action? [y/N]: n ``` 下面是 Port/包 **/usr/ports/ports-mgmt/bsdadminscripts2** 的描述。 ```sh # cat /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/bsdadminscripts2/pkg-descr This is a collection of scripts around the use of ports and packages. It allows you to: - check library dependencies without producing false positives (pkg_libchk) - lets you manage the autoremove flag for leaf packages (pkg_trim) - remove obsolete or damaged distfiles (distviper) - manage build flags (buildflags.conf) - auto-create pkg-plist files taking port options into account (makeplist) WWW: https://github.com/lonkamikaze/bsda2 ``` 这个包正好有四个工具。 ```sh % pkg info -l bsdadminscripts2 | grep bin /usr/local/sbin/distviper /usr/local/sbin/makeplist /usr/local/sbin/pkg_libchk /usr/local/sbin/pkg_trim ``` 如果不带任何参数调用，它会检查系统中安装的所有包。 ```sh # pkg_libchk Jobs done: 35 of 1057 bhyve-firmware-1.0_1 bash-5.0.3 beadm-1.2.9_1 ``` ……所以如果只想对 Chromium 进行检查，需要指定 **chromium** 包，命令如下： ``` pkg_libchk chromium ``` **pkg\_libchk** 可以根据哪个包提供了哪些文件来获取缺失的依赖，或者生成需要重建的包列表。 ## 使用 Provides 数据库 你也可以使用 **pkg(8)** 的“provides”数据库。 ```sh % pkg provides lib/libx264.so Name : libx264-0.157.2945 Desc : H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Video Encoding (Library) Repo : FreeBSD Filename: /usr/local/lib/libx264.so.155 /usr/local/lib/libx264.so ``` 想了解如何为 **pkg(8)** 命令设置“provides”数据库，请查阅文章 [**Less Known pkg(8) Features**](https://vermaden.wordpress.com/2019/01/17/less-known-pkg8-features/)。 ## 更新 1 – 重新整理整篇文章 古罗马哲学家塞涅卡曾说过——**“在教别人的同时，我们也在学习。”**——这句话非常正确——尤其是对本文而言。在我将文章发布到各处后，大家提醒我，仅仅创建符号链接并不是最好的方法。对此我接受指正，并增加了额外章节和方法，介绍如何在 FreeBSD（或 Linux/Illumos）系统上修复破损依赖。 --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://translated-articles.bsdcn.org/2025-nian/fix-broken-dependency-on-freebsd.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.